2.Definition of Sport

It is difficult to define what sport really is becouse of its diversity. Although some definitions collected by two significant persons of Hungarian sport science is listed below:

„A kind of workout performed on the basis of rules laid down.” (Nádori, 112/2005)

„It is a generic term on any organized and/or disorganized, team or individual workout in which someone meets the need of biological movement in social conditions” (Frenkl, 222/1978)

On the basis of the European Sport Charter (1997) ‘Any physical activity is a kind of sport that aim is to develop physical and mental conditions individually or organized forms and to create social contacts or to achieve results in competitions at different levels’.

Sport can be divided into further units on the basis of the content and conditions of the activity and the status of participants. Grouping it according to aim of sport two main fields are distinguished. They are professional sport and recreational sport. The definition of professional sport and competitive sport go hand in hand with each other whose common goal is to achieve better performance, to surpass others outcome. Implementing all this in such conditions that enables the comparison of sportspersons applying standardised rules and accurate measurements methods. The objective of professional sport is elite sport. It is a profession, a carrier for several sportspersons. Furthermore several thousands of hours invested in training, the time that sport experts and professional staff spent around sportspersons are also part of elite sport. As well as the whole sports organization, fans and sponsors are included in it. Thereunder the economic and entertaining functions of elite sport seem to be unquestionable. In contrary the focus of recreational sport is to take efforts for health, to prevent illnesses and to carry out an activity with joy. Its fundamental function is that participants enjoy the sport activity. Sport can be divided into several subunits. They are the followings: elite sport, competitive sport and recreational sport. Moreover in the field of sport amateur and professional subsystems are also identified. And further grouping on the basis of age group is distinguished that is the issue of youth education that mostly means a systematic elite, professional, competitive sport carried out in the frame of an amateur sport activity. However, it is not conceivable that it includes professional elements at an early age. (Balogh, 2015).

Efforts for individualisation in modern times has been establishing new sports habits. They include all kind of individual sporting activities without commitment to any organization or use of any sports facilities. Managing their time people often go for a run, go cycling or do bodyweight workout even at home. It forms a further group that is called informal sports. (Balogh, 2015). The phrase ‘physical activity’ defined by Caspersen and his coworkers (1985) is applied by WHO too: „physical activity means a series of body movement that is produced by the human body with its mascular system during every day activities accompanied by energy use. These activities include work, sporting activites, work around the house and any other activities;’Caspersen’s definition of physical activity was complemented with walking, work around the house – like gardening – by WHO. Caspersen’s definition clearly illustrates that sport is part of a physical activity, although not every work with physical activity is a sporting activity. Because of the multiple interpretation of the definition of sport in the latest research on sport the use of expression ’physical activity’ has been spread. It characterises mainly the international researches implemented in countries with different cultures (Balogh, 2015).

According to international literature the definition of exercise reads as follows: ’those forms of a physical activity is called movement that are planned, organized and regular and implemented towards maintaining or developing physical condition.’ (Balogh, 2015).

As Albert Szentgyörgyi defined (1930): „Sport is not barely physical education but it is the most powerful and noblest educational tool for psycho. However, the definition of sport is not to be confused with a simple physical skill, pursuiting records or profit and behaving like a prima donna on the basis of their overestimated sense of self-importance which is associated with the latest activities. As they are nothing to do with sport, in fact they are the enemy of sport. In particular sport is an intellectual term. A sport team is a small representation of society, a match is the symbol of noble battle.‘ (Balogh, 2015).

According to Kirkeby (2009) sport movements are the same at every level of sporting. As sport movements and systems of rules are the same in any sport and the objective of people doing sport is also the same to become winner and maximize their achievements. While different levels are assessed in different ways, therefore sports clubs and sports organization have to differentiate forms of organization and funding. (Balogh, 2015).

2.1. Place, Role and Signifance of Sporting

People have been interested in sports and physical activity including martial arts or Olympic Games since ancient ages. In societies ruled by stratocracy a developed physical condition had a high value that served both the defense of the country and survival. To that effect a male child was regularly provided with organized physical fitness training to develop his physical endowments. Sports movement other that marital arts was an essential part of the younger generation’s education in several ancient cultures. In ancient Greece sports movement was a fundamental element of education. It was thought that besides intellectual training physical fitness training is equally important emphasizing the significance of the balance of physical and mental education. (Balogh, 2015).

The effect of physical activity is widely studied from different point of view of professional and scientific fields at all levels (elite sport, competitive sport, recreational sport) and forms (e.g. types or length of body movement and on the basis of intensity) of sporting. The significance of physical activity is confimed well by the fact that the World Health Organization (WHO) classifies physical inactivity as a risk factor with the fourth highest rate (6%) (WHO, 2010). It is among such risk factors like smoking, hypertonia, diabetes or obesity.

Physical training workout provides not only good condition, appropriate body weight or aesthetic, attractive appearance. Moreover it promotes performance enhancement and it plays an extremely important role in the prevention and rehabilitation of chronic or acute diseases. It is widely known that the to the function of the human body is in strong relation with physical demands. In case the latter one reduces or simply be missing the human body will work at a reduced level as a result of the adaption process that will continue to decrease its resilience and protective capacity.

2.2. Multidimensional Effect of Sports

Sporting has demonstrable impacts in several fields therefore its multidimensional nature is unquestionable. Its multidimensional impacts are reflected in the following fields: biological, mental, emotional as well as social and economic aspects.

Biological impacts mean physiological effects of sporting as all the organs and organ systems are concerned. The positive physiological effects of sports was discovered in the 1970’s. One of the most significant effect of sports is the protective function against cardiovascular diseases as sporting makes the workings of a heart more efficient, improves blood circulation and oxygen delivery in blood. (Garber and co-workers, 2011). Physical exercise has several further benefits. It improves muscles, strengthens bones and provides protection against spin and back infirmity, helps to maintain the mobility of joints and ligaments. It is beneficial to the immune system, and finally its positive health effects on body weight has to be mentioned too.
Mental effects mainly mean the reduction effect on stress in sport that support maintaining balanced and harmonious lifestyle as well as it enables satisfaction, self-confidence and ambition (Beddington and co-workers, 2008). In summary sporting promotes mental health and decreases anxiety level that contributes people’s general wellbeing, actual emotional state to positive changes.
Physical activity can generate several emotional factors moreover it can be the source of them. When you think of the fact that during a sport activity you can experience a lot of emotions like joy, happiness, enthusiasm, disappointment. In the background of peak performances very often these emotions seem to be and provide the key factor to success. Sportspersons select the most optimal sport to their characteristics and temper and they can find the way how to express their emotions there. Very often such an emotion is involved in the sense of achievement that makes sportspersons control themselves (emotionally). Moreover this feeling enables them to properly and automatically control their body that leads them to experience the feelings of joy.
The social effects of sports has to be mentioned too. In general people have a feeling of belonging. It means that they need to be belonged to a community, an organization, a greater social unit. This provides them a kind of insecurity and stability that enables them to develop their own skills, competences and needs.
Economics has a significant role in sports as well. It creates economic exchanges within nations or even in the international scene. Only major clubs can be ranked among the organisations yielding economic benefits.