3. Division of sport-specific movement

Sport-specific movement of sports are based on different sport-specific movement elements. Therefore, there seems to be a demand to group sports on the basis of certain aspects. sport movements can be divided by their nature like on the basis of muscle function and performance features. These divisions are shown below according to Pavlik’s book (2013):

3.1. Division on the basis of nature of movements:

A cyclical movement: movement elements are repeated cyclically, phases grouped around cycles follow each other in the same order that may be symmetric (uncrossed) when the two limbs work simultaneously, (e.g.: butterfly, rowing), or it may be crossed when right and left limbs move alternately (e.g.: running).
A single acyclic movement is where one defined set of movements occurs during a physical activity. A sport like this is discus throw .
A complex acyclic movement includes several individual sets of movements that consist of a sequence of drilled sets of movements. One of these sports is figure skating or gymnastics.
Impermanent movements are characterized by changing circumstances and a movement depends on the opponent’s position and positioning. Sports games are included into this group of sports and within this these are the team games, (e.g.: handball), individual or pair games (e.g.: tennis) and marital arts like judo and wrestling too.
Grouping on the basis of manifestations of different sport movements means the combination of movements in different sports. Sports games can also be included into this grouping as in handball cyclical movements (like running), single acyclic movements (like jumps) and their combinations are required. A combination can be when a ball pass is carried out while running.

3.2. Division of Sport Movements on the basis of muscle function:

Dynamic and Static movements. Dynamic movements are featured by position changing and anisometric movements. These movements primarily develop skill and stamina. Furthermore, they develop the functioning of cardiovascular system, improve the stability of the joints and promote blood pressure increase. Static movements are featured by isometric movements where strength is the dominant training elements. In this case muscles in motion do not shorten and their tension and tone change significantly.
Division of cyclical sport movements on the basis of vigorous-intensity zones: maximal vigorous-intensity zone, submaximal vigorous-intensity zone, high and moderate vigorous-intensity zone. The differences among vigorous-intensity zones are based on oxygen uptake and oxygen utilization. Energy from anaerobic exercise will be compensated with high oxygen uptake by the body so that some physical workouts may be carried out during oxygen dept. In maximal vigorous-intensity zone a sport activity is implemented with the maximum speed and intensity possible (e-g.: a 100 meter sprint race). At this time the body needs to gain energy the shortest time possible which occurs in anaerobically without oxygen utilization. In submaximal vigorous-intensity zone the amount of oxygen uptake per unit time is equal with the amount of oxygen utilized. Therefore, oxygen dept gained at the beginning of the distance remains. At this time lactic acid accumulation will be more significant (values may be above 150-200 mg/100ml, 10 mmol/l where pH can reduce to even around 7.0). While respiratory and cardiac output and heart rate reach the maximum by the end of the race. These values and rates differ on the basis of age and fitness and include mainly 4-5 minute long sport movements. In high vigorous-intensity zone a sportsperson may reach respiratory and cardiac performance (e.g.: a 3000 meter speed skater) relatively soon at the beginning of the sport movement that may not be maintained till the end of a long distance race and the performance reduces to about 80-90%. Sportspersons who perform typically in moderate vigorous-intensity zone like marathon runners, road cyclists uptake and utilize oxygen overlap. Although a sportsperson is not able to perform in oxygen dept during the whole race therefore they must reduce pace in order to equalize oxygen dept. Then the functioning of cardiovascular system does not reach its maximum and heart rate is about 80% of the maximum and hardly any lactic acid is formed. The concentration of lactic acid in blood increases little or not at all and pH of blood mostly does not change.
In case of non-cyclical sport movements the most important index is not always metabolism, energy supply and efficiency. On the basis of the length of races single acyclic movements are classified into the maximal vigorous-intensity zone and complex acyclic movements belong to the submaximal vigorous-intensity zone however, maximal vigorous intensity does not occur all the time. For example in sports games there seem to be explosive periods that are not longer than 20 seconds although players perform at low or medium intensity between sprints. A handball player is required to be fast peripherally and have endurance centrally.

3.3. Division of Sports on the basis of performance characteristics:

Strength sports, speed sports and endurance sports. This division raises some questions in related to grouping sports too. As it does not include a separated group for the competitors of complex sports where sportspersons are required to possess strength, stamina and speed alternately. These abilities were detailed in the unit about theory of training.

Sport-specific movement include different sport-specific movement elements. Therefore, there seems to be a demand for grouping the sports on the basis of certain aspects. Sport movements can be divided on the basis of nature of movement, muscle function and performance characteristics. These divisions will be introduced below.

3.4. Division on the basis of movement characteristics:

A Cyclical movement: movement elements are repeated cyclically, phases grouped around cycles follow each other in the same order that may be symmetric (uncrossed) when the two limbs work simultaneously, (e.g.: butterfly, rowing), or it may be crossed when right and left limbs move alternately (e.g.: running).
A single acyclic movement is where one defined set of movements occurs during a physical activity. A sport like this is discus throw.
A complex acyclic movement includes several individual sets of movements that consist of a sequence of drilled sets of movements. One of these sports is figure skating or gymnastics.
Impermanent movements are characterized by changing circumstances and a movement depends on the opponent’s position and positioning. Sports games are included into this group of sports and within this these are the team games, (e.g.: handball), individual or pair games (e.g.: tennis) and marital arts like judo and wrestling too.
Grouping on the basis of manifestations of different sport movements means the combination of movements in different sports. Sports games can also be included into this grouping as in handball cyclical movements (like running), single acyclic movements (like jumps) and their combinations are required. A combination can be when a ball pass is carried out while running.

3.5. Division of sport movements on the basis of muscle function:

Dynamic and Static movements. Dynamic movements are featured by position changing and anisometric movements. These movements primarily develop skill and stamina. Furthermore, they develop the functioning of cardiovascular system, improve the stability of the joints and promote blood pressure increase. Static movements are featured by isometric movements where strength is the dominant training elements. In this case muscles in motion do not shorten and their tension and tone change significantly.
Division of cyclical sport movements on the basis of vigorous-intensity zones: maximal vigorous-intensity zone, submaximal vigorous-intensity zone, high and moderate vigorous-intensity zone. The differences among vigorous-intensity zones are based on oxygen uptake and oxygen utilization. Energy from anaerobic exercise will be compensated with high oxygen uptake by the body so that some physical workouts may be carried out during oxygen dept. In maximal vigorous-intensity zone a sport activity is implemented with the maximum speed and intensity possible (e-g.: a 100 meter sprint race). At this time the body needs to gain energy the shortest time possible which occurs in anaerobically without oxygen utilization. In submaximal vigorous-intensity zone the amount of oxygen uptake per unit time is equal with the amount of oxygen utilized. Therefore, oxygen dept gained at the beginning of the distance remains. At this time lactic acid accumulation will be more significant (values may be above 150-200 mg/100ml, 10 mmol/l where pH can reduce to even around 7.0). While respiratory and cardiac output and heart rate reach the maximum by the end of the race. These values and rates differ on the basis of age and fitness and include mainly 4-5 minute long sport movements. In high vigorous-intensity zone a sportsperson may reach respiratory and cardiac performance (e.g.: a 3000 meter speed skater) relatively soon at the beginning of the sport movement that may not be maintained till the end of a long distance race and the performance reduces to about 80-90%. Sportspersons who perform typically in moderate vigorous-intensity zone like marathon runners, road cyclists uptake and utilize oxygen overlap. Although a sportsperson is not able to perform in oxygen dept during the whole race therefore they must reduce pace in order to equalize oxygen dept. Then the functioning of cardiovascular system does not reach its maximum and heart rate is about 80% of the maximum and hardly any lactic acid is formed. The concentration of lactic acid in blood increases little or not at all and pH of blood mostly does not change.
In case of non-cyclical sport movements the most important index is not always metabolism, energy supply and efficiency. On the basis of the length of races single acyclic movements are classified into the maximal vigorous-intensity zone and complex acyclic movements belong to the submaximal vigorous-intensity zone however, maximal vigorous intensity does not occur all the time. For example in sports games there seem to be explosive periods that are not longer than 20 seconds although players perform at low or medium intensity between sprints. A handball player is required to be fast peripherally and have endurance centrally.
3.6. Division of Sports on the basis of performance characteristics:
Strength sports, speed sports and endurance sports. This division raises some questions in related to grouping sports too. As it does not include a separated group for the competitors of complex sports where sportspersons are required to possess strength, stamina and speed alternately. These abilities were detailed in the unit about theory of training.